LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



002 850 293 A 



Hollinger Corp, 
pH8.5 



/> 



SF 808 
Copy 1 



THE EFFECT OF TUBERCULOSIS VACCINATION 

UPON CATTLE INFECTED Wiril 

TUr>EllCULOSIS. 



BY 
LEONARD PEARSON, B.S., V.M.D., 

AND 

S. H. GILLILAND, V.M.D., M.D. 



FROM THE 

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA MEDICAL BULLETIN 
April, 1905 



lira '05 



3 V 303 

•T3 



Reprinted fi'oiu the Ciiivei^ity of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin, 
April, 1905. 



THE EFFECT OF TUBERCULOSIS VACCINATION 

UPON CATTLE INFECTED WITH 

TUBERCULOSIS.' 

By Leonard Pearson, B.S., V.M.D., 

State Veterinarian of Pennsylvania, 

AND 
S. H. GiLLILAND, V.M.D., M.D., 

Bacteriologist of the State Livestock Sanitary Board of 
Pennsylvania. 



During recent years a large amount of work has been 
done by Koch, Trudeau, de Schweinitz, von Behring, Mar- 
aghano, Fraenkel, and others, for the purpose of discovering 
and developing a specific treatment for tuberculosis. This 
work has taken various directions, and has included experi- 
ments wherein the toxins of tubercle bacilli have been admin- 
istered and experiments wherein antitoxins found in the blood 
of animals that have been treated with toxins have been used. 
Toxins of various kinds have been employed; from the orig- 
inal and new tuberculin of Koch to the toxalbumin, the 
watery tuberculin, the tubercle bacilli deprived of fat of 
Maragliano, and bacillary pulp. 

The antitoxins that have been used have been developed 
as a result of the injection of the various toxins mentioned 
above, and also living tubercle bacilli of low virulence. 

The reports of the therapeutic experiments made upon 
infected animals with tuberculosis toxins and antitoxins 

* Read before the Pathological Societ}' of Philadelphia, Dec. 22, 1904. 



2 

are numerous, but cannot be regarded as convincing. Most 
of these experiments have been made upon rabbits and 
guinea-pigs. Neither rabbits nor guinea-pigs are altogether 
satisfactory for experiments of this kind; the former be- 
cause of their comparative immunity to tubercle bacilli of the 
human type, the latter on account of their excessive vulnera- 
bility to inoculation tuberculosis of either of the mammalian 
types. Enough work has been done to denote that the pro- 
gress of a tuberculous infection may be controlled in some 
degree by specific means. It is important that these various 
methods shall be compared and measured both quantitatively 
and qualitatively. There is here a large and important 
field of labor for the critical experimentalist. 

Among the means that have been proposed for controlling 
the spread of tuberculosis among cattle is vaccination, or 
the inoculation of animals with living cultures of tubercle 
bacilli of low virulence for the animals upon which they are 
inoculated. This method of producing artificial immunity 
has been the subject of considerable study both in this coun- 
try and in Europe, and has been reported upon to this 
Society by the writers of this paper. 

In connection with some tuberculosis vaccination experi- 
ments made by the writers, the opportunity occurred to 
j test the effect of vaccination upon some young cattle already 
' infected with tuberculosis. As this treatment appears to 
have had a decided effect upon the course of the disease in 
the infected animals treated, it is considered that our obser- 
vations should be placed upon record, especially since the 
work covered nearly two years, long enough to show definite 
results, and is the first of the sort of which we have knowl- 
edge. 

In testing with tuberculin a large herd of shorthorn and 
grade shorthorn cattle in December, 1902, that was known 
to have been infected with tuberculosis for a number of years, 
it was found that practically all of the members of the herd 
responded affirmatively to the test. Among the animals 



so responding were twelve calves from six to eight months 
old. As these calves had mingled rather freely with the 
members of the herd, and as they had been reared on the milk 
of extensively tuberculous cows, it was not surprising to find 
that they responded to the tuberculin test. These twelve 
calves were obtained for use in this experiment. They were 
shipped to Philadelphia and were placed in a temporary 
building on the groimds of the veterinary school, where they 
were kept apart from other cattle. 

The twelve calves were again tested with tuberculin Feb- 
ruary 2, 3, 1903. All responded to this test. They were 
then weighed and divided into two lots, of six each, as nearly 
equal as possible in respect to age, size, weight, and condi- 
tion. One of these lots w^as subdivided into two groups of 
three each. 

The three calves of one of the sub-groups were given 
seven intravenous injections of a standard suspension^ im 
water of tubercle bacilli of human type (culture M). The 
dosage began at 1 c.c. and was increased to 6 c.c. The 
intervals between injections were from six to twenty days, 
and the period covered was from February 9 to May 1, 
1903, as is shown by the protocols. These same calves 
received another and final intravenous injection of 5 c.c. 
of a standard suspension of living tubercle bacilli (culture 

M) about a year later, March 29, 1904. 

/ The three calves of the second sub-group were given sub- 
cutaneous injections of tuberculin at intervals of from two 
to ten days. The injections of tul)erculin were repeated 
until the hypersensitiveness of the animal to tuberculin had 
disappeared, after which the calves received an intravenous, 



' By a standard suspension is here meant a suspension of tubercle 
bacilli in water, in such quantity as to give an opacity equal to that. 
of a twenty-four-hour culture of typhoid bacilli in bouillon; 1 c.c. of 
such a suspension is estimated to contain the equivalent of 0.0013 
gram of tubercle bacilli dried ten days in a desiccating chamber 
over calcium chloride. 



4 

/ injection of a suspension of tubercle bacilli (culture M) in 
water. Following each intravenous injection of living 
tubercle bacilli, the animal was again given tuberculin a 
number of times until its hypersensitiveness to tuberculin 
again disappeared. The procedure in these cases in respect 
to the order of the injections of tuberculin bacilli was as 
follows: Two subcutaneous injections of tuberculin, an 
intravenous injection of tubercle bacilli, six injections of 
tuberculin, an injection of tubercle bacilli, six injections of 
tuberculin, an injection of tubercle bacilli, three injections 
of tuberculin. The period of treatment extended from 
February 9 to April 30, 1903, inclusive; the exact times 
of administration and the doses are shown by the protocols. 
/The calves of this group, as of the first group described, 

I were given an intravenous injection of 5 c.c. of standard 

1 suspension of living tubercle bacilli (culture M) March 29, 

I 1904. Following this, tuberculin was administered five 

I times at intervals of three or four days. 

' I The remaining six calves were given no treatment what- 
ever, but were, at all times, kept with the six calves under 
treatment; so that all of the twelve calves in this experiment 
were subjected to the same conditions of life and subsisted 
upon the same kind and quantity of food. 

All of the calves were kept in a stable until May 29, 1903, 
when they were placed upon pasture, which became very 
scanty during the latter part of the season. During the 
winter of 1903-04 the cattle were fed mixed hay, corn fodder, 
and a grain mixture of bran and corn meal. Only a little 
grain was fed. About the middle of May, 1904, the cattle 
(now about two years old) were again placed on pasture, 
where they remained until they were killed at the close of 
the experiment. 

Two cattle, both controls, died; the first one May 5, 1903; 
the second September 13, 1904; two, one control and one 

^ treated, were killed April 4, 1904, and the rest were killed ; 
i in September, 1904. -^ 



When the cattle in this experiment died or were killed 
they were submitted to careful post-mortem examination. 
Material was stained for examination for tubercle bacilli 
and guinea-pigs were inoculated from the lesions of some 
of them. Histological examinations of the lesions were made 
by Dr. C. Y. White, to whom we are greatly indebted for 
reports upon his examinations. 

The treatments and post-mortems are summarized in 
the following protocols: 

First Group. Three calves that received intravenous 
injections of tubercle bacilli alone. 

Fig. I.— Red Bull (16,013). 

1902. December 19. 0.1 c.c. tuberculin; reaction. 

1903. February 2. 0.8 c.c. " " to 106.2° F. 
" 9. 0.0013 grm. human tubercle bacilli, intravenously. 

18. 0.0032 " 



March 



April 



May 
1904. March 



2. 0.0039 

21. 0.0039 

4. 0.0052 

10. 0.0065 

1. 0.0078 

29. 0.0065 



September 15. Killed. 




Fig. I. 



Left bronchial gland. 



Right lung. 

Necropsy. Weight 643 pounds; fair condition. The 
lesions of tuberculosis found in this animal were as follows: 
At the lower border of the middle lobe of the right lung was 
a slightly depressed area about one-half inch in diameter 
containing a collection of thick yellow pus filling a cavity 
the size of a large pea. The walls of this cavity are one- 
eighth of an inch thick, white, and of firm, dense texture. 
In one of the left peribronchial glands there is a caseocal- 



careous nodule about the size of a pea and having the appear- 
ance of a wholly closed process. Guinea-pigs inoculated 
from the lesion in the lung became tuberculous. 

Fig. 2.—Red-and-white Bull (16,017). 

1902. December 19. 0.1 c.c. tuberculin; reaction. 

1903. February 2. 0.8 c.c. " " to 105.6° F. 

" " 9. 0.0013 grm. human tubercle bacilli, intravenously. 

18. 0.00325 " 





March 2. 


0.0026 




21. 


0.0039 




April 4. 


0.0052 




10. 


0.0065 




May 1. 


0.0078 


1904 


March 29. 


0.0065 




September 15. 


Killed. 




Fig. 2. 

Postpharyngeal gland. 

Left bronchial gland. 

Mediastinal gland, middle and posterior. 

Necropsy. Weight 467 pounds; good condition. The 
following lesions of tuberculosis were found: In one of the 
left peribronchial glands a yellow, caseous area one-tenth 
of an inch in diameter. In the posterior mediastinal gland 
there is an area the size of a pea, yellow in color and quite 
calcareous, surrounded by a white, dense capsule. In the 
middle mediastinal gland there is a similar area, though 
much smaller, being but one-twelfth of an inch in diameter. 
In one of the postpharyngeal glands there is a caseocalca- 
reous area one-half of an inch in diameter, surrounded by 
an unusually thick, dense, white, fibrous wall. The caseous 
collection contains many calcareous grains. There are also 
in this gland three other similar areas, much smaller, about 
one-eighth of an inch in diameter, and each is surrounded 



by a dense capsule. In addition to this evidence of tuber- 
culosis it was observed that both lungs, although generally 
well inflated, were heavy, soggy, somewhat leathery and 
without elasticity. There were some small areas where the 
tissues were contracted and dense. Histologically these 
areas show numerous dense bands of connective tissue. The 
bloodvessels are very much thickened. In limited areas 
some of the smaller ones are almost obliterated. Some of 
the smaller sublobules show the lung tissue to be collapsed 
or organized. The peribronchial lymphatic tissue is in- 
creased and the pleura is thickened. There is no caseation 
or evidence of a tubercular process excepting as above 
noted. Guinea-pigs inoculated with the caseocalcareous 
material from the thoroughly encapsulated lesions in the 
postpharyngeal glands became tuberculous. 

Fig. 3.— Roan Heifer (16,021). 

1902. December 19. 0.1 c.c. tuberculin; reaction. 

1903. February 2. 0.8 c.c. " " to 106° F. 
" 9. 0.0013 grm. human tubercle bacilli, intravenously. 

18. 0.0026 " 



March 



April 



May 
1904. March 



2. 0.0026 
21. 0.0039 

4. 0.0052 
10. 0.00,52 

1. 0.0065 
29. 0.0065 



September 15. Killed. 




Fig. 3. 



Left lung. 

Left bronchial gland. 



Necropsy, \yeight 465 pounds; good condition. The 
evidence of tuberculosis here consists in a very dense condi- 
tion of the lower half of the posterior flap of the anterior lobe 
of the left lung, which is attached to the posterior lobe and 



to the pericardium and the diaphragm. This dense mass 
consists of a very thick wall of fibrous tissue surrounding 
a sequestrum of lung tissue, about one and a half inches 
in its anteroposterior and two and a half inches in its vertical 
diameter. Above this mass the lung tissue of the anterior 
lobe contains an excessive quantity of fibrous tissue appear- 
ing as white bands between the lobules. These bands are 
quite^firm^and are from one-eighth to one-quarter of an 
inch wide. The parenchyma surrounded by these bands 
is studded with fine dots and lines of white, consisting of 
fibrous tissue. Above this sclerotic zone the lung tissue is 
elastic and pink. There are nowhere nodules or caseous 
areas, excepting in one of the left peribronchial glands which 
contains a caseocalcareous nodule the size of a pea. 

There is reason to believe that in this animal there has 
been an extensive area of tuberculous tissue in the lower 
portion of the anterior lobe of the left lung. This area 
appears to have become encysted and the lung tissue above 
to have been the seat of numerous small tubercles which 
were transformed into scar tissue and appear now very 
much hardened and contracted. 

Second Group. Three calves which received intravenous 
injections of tubercle bacilli alternating with repeated sub- 
cutaneous injections of tuberculin. 

Fig. 4. — Red-and-white Heifer (16,015). 

1902. December 19. 0.1 c.c. tuberculin; reaction. 

1903. February 2. 0.8 c.c. " " to 105.8° F. 

" ' 9. 1.0 c.c. " " to 102.8° F. 

15. 1.5 c.c. " " to 103.0° F. 

" " 18. 0.0026 grm. human tubercle bacilli, intravenously. 

22. 1.0 c.c. tuberculin ; reaction to 103.0° F. 

24. 1.5 c.c. " " to 102.6° F. 

" March 4. 2.0 c.c. " " to 104.6° F. 

6. 2.5 c.c. " " to 102.8° F. 

11. 3.0 c.c. " " to 103.0° F. 

14. 3.5 c.c. " " to 103.0° F. 

" " 21. 0.0039 grm. human tubercle bacilli, intravenously. 

27. 1.0 c.c. tuberculin ; reaction to 103.2° F. 

29. 1.5 c.c. " " to 103.0° F. 



1903. April 5. 2.0 c.c. tul)erculin ; roaclion to 102.6° F. 
8. 2.5 c.c. " " to 102.2° F. 

10. 3.0 c.c. " " to 104.0° F. 

16. 3.5 c.c. " " to 103.6° F. 

18. 0.0052 grm. human tubercle bacilli, intravenously 

23. 0.5 c.c. tuberculin ; reaction to 104.6° F. 

27. 1.0 c.c. " " to 102.6° F. 

30. 2.0 c.c. '■ " to 103.6° F. 

1904. March 29. 0.0065 grm. human tubercle bacilli, intravenously 
•' April 1. 1.0 c.c. tuberculin ; reaction to 102.8° F. 



3. 2.0 c.c. 

" 8. 3.0 c.c. 

11. 4.0 c.c. 

15. 5.0 c.c. 

September 15. Killed. 



to 103.3° F. 
to 102.4° F. 
to 102.9° F. 
to 103.8° F. 




Fig. 4. 



Left bronchial gland. 



Necropsy. Weight 566 pounds; good condition. The 
only evidence of tuberculosis in this animal is a calcareous 
nodule one-eighth of an inch in diameter situated in one of 
the left peribronchial glands. This nodule is sharply dif- 
ferentiated from the surrounding adjacent, quite normal 
glandular tissue, and has the appearance of a completely 
closed process. Guinea-pigs inoculated with an emulsion 
of this nodule developed tuberculosis. 



Fig. 5.—Red-and-white Heifer (16,019). 



1902. December 19. 0.1 c.c. tuberculin ; reaction. 

1903. February 2. 0.8 c.c. " " to 105.6° F. 
1.0 c.c. " " to 103.4° F. 
1 5 c.c. " " to 102.8° F. 
0.0026 grm. human tubercle bacilli, intravenously 
1.0 c.c. tuberculin ; reaction to 104.0° F. 

to 103.8° F. 
to 103.8° F. 



9. 
15. 
18. 
22. 

24. 1.5 c.c. 

4. 2.0 c.c. 

" 6. 2.0 c.c. 

11. 3.0 c.c. 

Pearson and Gillil.4.nd 



March 



to 103.2° F. 
to 104.2° F. 



10 



1903 



1904. 



. March 


14 


3.5 c.c 


tuberculin ; 


reaction 


to 103.8° F. 


" 


21. 


0.0039 


grm 


human 


tubercle bacilli, intravenously 


" 


27 


1.0 c.c 


tub 


erculin 


reaction 


to 104.6° F. 


" 


29 


1.5 c.c 






" 


to 102.6° F. 


April 


5. 

8 
10. 
16. 


2.0 c.c. 
2.5 c.c 
3.0 c.c. 
3.5 c.c. 






" 


to 102.8° F. 
to 103.2° F. 
to 102.6° F. 
to 103.0° F. 


" 


IS. 


0.0052 


grm. 


human 


tubercle bacilli, intravenously 


" 


23. 


0.5 c.c. 


tuberculin ; 


reaction 


to 102.8° F. 


" 


27. 


1.0 c.c. 




" 


" 


to 102.4° F. 


" 


30. 


2.0 c.c. 




" 


" 


to 103.8° F. 


. March 


29. 


0.0065 


grm. 


human 


tubercle bacilli, intravenously 


April 


1. 


1.0 c.c. 


tuberculin ; 


reaction 


to 102.9° F. 


" 


4. 


2.0 c.c. 




" 


" 


to 103.0° F. 


" 


8. 


3.0 c.c. 




" 


" 


to 103.0° F. 


" 


11. 


4.0 c.c. 




ii 


" 


to 103.8° F. 


" 


15. 


5.0 c.c. 




" 


" 


to 102.4° F. 


September 15. 


Killed. 












Fig. 5. 



Left bronchial gland. 



Necropsy. Weight 5S0 pounds; good condition. One of 
the left peri})ronchial glands contained two nochiles, each 
about one-tentli of an inch in diameter. Both are distinctly 
calcareous and are sharply differentiated from the imme- 
diately adjacent, quite normal gland tissue. 

The right lung is rather dense and leathery and contains 
some collapsed areas. In such a collapsed area there is found 
an infiltration of round cells surrounding the bronchial 
walls. The lymphatic nodes in the same region are greatly 
increased. The alveoli are oedematous and in some places 
the exudate has undergone organization. 

There is no evidence of caseation or of tuberculosis in the 
lungs or elsewhere, excepting as noted in the left peri- 
bronchial gland. 



11 



1902. 


December 19. 


0.1 c.c. 


1903. 


February 


2. 


0.8 c.c. 


(( 


" 


9. 


1.0 c.c. 


" 


" 


15. 


1.5 c.c. 


(I 


(( 


18. 


0.0013 


u 


" 


22. 


1.0 c.c. 


" 


" 


24. 


1.5 c.c. 


" 


March 


4. 


2.0 c.c. 


it 


" 


6. 


2.5 c.c. 


" 


a 


11. 


3.0 c.c. 


" 


it 


14. 


3.5 c.c. 


" 


" 


21. 


0.0039 


" 


li 


27. 


1.0 c.c. 


" 


" 


29. 


1.5 c.c. 


u 


April 


5. 


2.0 c.c. 


u 


" 


8. 


2.5 c.c. 


" 


" 


10. 


3.0 c.c. 


" 


It 


16. 


3.5 c.c. 


" 


" 


18. 


0.0039 


" 


" 


23. 


0.5 c.c. 


" 


" 


27. 


1.0 c.c. 


" 


" 


30. 


2.0 c.c. 


1904 


March 


29. 


0.0065 


" 


April 


1. 


1.0 c.c. 


it 




4. 


2.0 c.c. 


" 




8. 


3.0 c.c. 


it 




11. 


4.0 c.c. 


it 




15. 


5.0 c.c. 


11 




30. 


Killed. 



Fig. Q.—Red Heifer (16,022). 

tuberculin ; reaction. 

to 105.2° F. 

to 103.0° F. 

to 104.4° F. 
grm. human tubercle bacilli, intravenously, 
tuberculin ; reaction to 103.2° F. 

to 104.0° F. 

to 105.6° F. 

to 103.8° F. 

to 103.2° F. 

to 104.0° F. 
grm. human tubercle bacilli, intravenously, 
tuberculin ; reaction to 103.4° F. 

to 102.8° F. 

to 102.6° F. 

to 102.8° F. 

to 103.2° F. 

to 103.4° F. 
grm. human tubercle bacilli, intravenously, 
tuberculin ; reaction to 103.6° F. 

to 102.2° F. 

to 104.2° F. 
grm. human tubercle bacilli, intravenously, 
tuberculin ; reaction to 103.0' F. 

to 103.3° F. 

to 103.8° F. 

to 103.1° F. 

to 102.2' F. 




Fig. 6. 



Left bronchial gland. 



Necropsy. Weight 421 pounds; unthrifty condition. The 
only distinct evidence of tuberculosis in this animal is a 
calcareous nodule the size of a pea in the left bronchial 
gland. The pleura and peritoneum were more or less opaque 
and showed films or flakes of fibrin partly or wholly organ- 



12 

ized and in some places evidently of considerable age. 
Guinea-pigs inoculated from the calcareous nodule in the 
bronchial gland became tuberculous. 

It is evident that this animal had suffered with a wide- 
spread inflammation of the serous membranes from which 
it had practically recovered. Such a diffuse inflammation 
of the serous membranes of both visceral cavities occurs in 
tuberculosis of cattle of the type of pearl disease. But in 
this case there were no tubercles or evidence of tuberculosis. 
One must consider the possibility that in this animal there 
was a healed, fresh tuberculosis of the pleura and peri- 
toneum. 

Third Group. Six calves which received no treatment 
and were kept as controls for the purpose of comparison. 

Fig. 7 .—Red-and-white Bull (16,014). 

1902. December 19. 0.1 c.c. tuberculin ; reaction. 

1903. February 2. 0.8 c.c. " " to 105.6° F. 
" May 4. Died. 




Fig. 7. 



Right bronchial gland. 



Left bronchial gland. 
Mediastinal glands. 



Necropsy. Weight 430 pounds. This bull died suddenly, 
apparently of acute indigestion. The only evidence of 
tuberculosis in this animal consisted in the presence of 
several caseous nodules in both bronchial and in the medias- 
tinal lymphatic glands. 



13 



Fig. S.~Red-and-white Heifer (16,016. 

1902. December 19. 0.1 c.c. tuberculin ; reaction. 

1903. February 2. 0.8 c.c. " " to 106.0° F. 

1904. September 17. Killed. 




Fig. 8. 



Left lung. 
Mediastinal gland. 



Necropsy. Weight 578 pounds; poor condition. In the 
left king at the bottom of the posterior lobe there is an area 
containing numerous tubercles, some of which have under- 
gone caseation. Two similar areas are found in the tip of 
the lung. The surrounding lung tissue is red and dense 
and is infiltrated with small gray tubercles of pinhead size, 
some of which have cheesy centres. The posterior medias- 
tinal gland is five inches long and two inches in diameter. 
This gland is filled with dense nodules, most of which have 
undergone caseation, and some of which contain calcareous 
deposits. Guinea-pigs inoculated with infiltrated lung tissue 
developed tuberculosis. 

Fig. 9. — Red-and-white Heifer (16,018). 
1902. December 19. 0.1 c.c. tuberculin ; reaction. 



1903. February 2. 0.8 c.c. 

1904. September 19. Killed. 



to 106.4° F. 




Right lung. 
Bronchial glands. 
Mediastinal glands 



14 

Necropsy. Weight 415 pounds; poor condition. Both 
the anterior and middle lobes of the right lung are attached 
to the chest wall; the anterior lobe is also attached to the 
pericardium. There are numerous tuberculous areas of 
all ages and up to one and a half inches in diameter scattered 
rather thickly through both lungs. Both bronchial and the 
mediastinal glands are enlarged and contain numerous 
caseous and caseocalcareous nodules. 

Fig. 10.— Red-and-white Bidl (16,020). 

1902. December 19. 0.1 c.c. tuberculin ; reaction. 

1903. February 2. 0.8 c.c. " " to 105° F. 

1904. September 13. Died. 




Fig. 10. 



Bronchial glands. 
Mediastinal glands. 
Postpharyngeal glands. 



Postpharyngeal glands. 
Bronchial glands. 



Necropsy. Weight 480 pounds; fair condition. This 
bull was apparently quite healthy on the 12th of September, 
and was found dead in the stable the next day. It was found 
that there was a great collection of gas in the paunch and this 
appears to have been the cause of death, through interfer- 
ence with respiration by pressure upon the diaphragm. 
The evidence of tuberculosis in this animal consisted in the 
presence of several caseous nodules in both bronchial glands; 
the posterior mediastinal gland is six inches long and quite 
thick. The entire structure of this gland has undergone 
degeneration. Both postpharyngeal lymphatic glands are 
slightly enlarged and contain caseous areas. 

It is quite possible that in this case the enlarged medias- 
tinal lymphatic gland was a contributing cause of death 



15 

through pressing upon the oesophagus and tending to inter- 
fere with the regurgitation of gas. 

Fig. 11.— Red-and-white Heifer (16,023). 

1902. December 19. 0.1 c.c. tuberculin ; reaction. 

1903. February 2. 0.8 c.c. " " to 106.4° F. 

1904. April 30. Killed. 




Postpharyngeal gland. 

Right lung. 

Right pleura. 

Bronchial glands. 

Mediastinal glands, 

Omentum. 

Spleen. 

Liver. 



Fig. 11. 



Left lung, etc. 



Necropsy. Weight 313 pounds; very poor condition, 
this heifer was killed because it was in such bad condition 
that it could not live long. 

The costal pleurte of both sides are coated with masses 
of round and flattened nodules occurring singly and in 
patches. The largest patch is nearly a foot in diameter and 
about two inches thick. Both lungs are covered with round 
and flattened nodules, some of which are closely attached 
to the pleura and some of which hang from the pleura singly 
and in clusters. There is a fringe around the borders of 
the lungs about two inches wide and very thickly studded 
with hard nodules, the centres of which have undergone 
caseation. Both lungs contain a large number of caseous 
areas. The bronchial and mediastinal lymphatic glands 
are considerably enlarged and caseous. The postpharyngeal 
glands are in similar condition. The omentum, the walls 
of the stomachs, the abdominal walls, the spleen and liver 



16 

are coated with nodular masses that are characteristic of 
pearl disease. There are numerous caseous areas in the 
substance of the liver. The bronchial lymphatic glands 
are enlarged to several times their natural size and are 
caseous. 

This is a case of "pearl disease" in the most advanced 
form and of widest distribution. 

Fig. 12.— Red-and-white Bull (16,024). 

1902. December 19. 0.1 c.c. tuberculin ; reaction. 

1903. February 2. 0.8 c.c. " " to 106° F. 

1904. September 17. Killed. 




Fig. 12. 



Right lung. 

Right bronchial gland. 



Necropsy. Weight 524 pounds; good condition. The 
right bronchial gland is somewhat enlarged and contains a 
•calcareous nodule. In the anterior lobe of the right lung 
there are numerous nodules containing pus. These are 
surrounded by firm, fibrous walls. The intervening lung 
tissue is collapsed. 

The observations here recorded show a decided difference 
between the lot of six young cattle that were treated and the 
six that were not treated. Since the two lots of animals 
were in all respects as nearly equal as possible at the begin- 
ning of the experiment, and since they were cared for all 
together and in precisely the same way, excepting in respect 
to specific treatment, it is but fair to conclude that the six 
^treated animals were favorably influenced by the treat- 
ment. 



17 

We believe that we have sufficient evidence to justify 
the statement that the treatment to which six of the animals 
. were subjected had the effect not only of keeping in check 
/ the progress of the tuberculous process, but in causing a 
distinct and in some cases (Nos. 2, 3, and 6) a great retro- 
gression of the lesions. In other words, the treatment had 
a distinct curative effect. 

In all of the treated animals the lesions were quiescent 
and encapsulated. But they contained living tubercle 
bacilli. There is room for difference of opinion as to whether 
an animal or a person in which there is a tuberculous lesion 
containing living bacilli may be regarded as cured. If the 
lesion is wholly cut off by a thick fibrous wall from living 
tissue and if it is incapable of again becoming active, it would 
appear that a claim for a cure might fairly be entered. But 
how is one to know that activity may not be re-established ? 
If there is resistance enough to cause the complete encapsula- 
tion of all tuberculous lesions in the body, it is evidence that 
a considerable degree of immunity had been developed. 
If the bacilli in the lesions are of such low virulence that they 
cannot infect an animal of the species of the one in which 
they are found, renewed activity is not to be expected. 
De Schweinitz found living tubercle bacilli in minute nodules 
in the lungs of a cow inoculated intravenously a year before 
with bacilli of human type that appear to have been incapa- 
ble of producing progressive disease. Nodules may occur 
from intravenous injections of dead tubercle bacilli. Fraenkel 
and von Behring have found in lesions of tuberculosis of 
cattle tubercle bacilli that are not pathogenic for cattle. 

Unfortunately, in these experiments, the virulence for 
cattle of the tubercle bacilli in the lesions in the treated 
animals was not determined. 

These experiments which were made on a few young cattle 
in the earlier stage of tuberculosis do not justify conclusions 
or inferences as to the probable effect of similar treatment 
on older and more extensively diseased animals. Experi- 



18 

ments must be made on a larger and broader scale. We 
have at this time a number of animals under treatment 
which we hope will give us more knowledge on this subject. 
But we hold that the experiments that have been made 
show clearly that under such treatment as was given tuber- 
culousMesions do not extend; on the contrary, that they 
recede and that new implantations do not occur even upon 
prolonged contact with tuberculous herd mates. 



LIBRfiRY OF CONGRESS 



002 850 293 ft 



002 850 293 A 1 



Hollinger Corj 
pH 8.5 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



002 850 293 A 



